Aeromonas spp. diversity in U.S. mid-Atlantic surface and reclaimed water, seasonal dynamics, virulence gene patterns and attachment to lettuce

Aeromonas , a ubiquitous taxon in water environments, is emerging as foodborne pathogen of concern that remains understudied and under-reported. We evaluated the distribution 331 spp. isolates collected from irrigation over one year characterised their virulence profile, attachment ability to persist on lettuce. Water sources included non-tidal tidal river, farm pond reclaimed water. Twenty species were identified; A. veronii hydrophila jandaei predominated all types seasons, comprising ~63% isolates. Species was most affected by type. The highest lowest diversity detected river water, respectively. ranked frequency fresh while first Only two carried five genes tested, 46% ( n = 50), 54% 61) 50% 32) harboured multiple enterotoxin genes. Detection alt ast more likely summer collections, detection less brackish Season factor polystyrene, being strongest spring gene flaA associated with strong be persisted lettuce leaves for 24 h, but populations dwindled 120 loosely strongly attached cells h. This study provides comprehensive data environmental traits. associations revealed among diversity, type, season, factors phyllosphere capacity can inform agricultural standards novel ways. Moreover, understanding -plant interactions an important step advancing food safety fruit vegetables. • Highest rivers winter ponds Human pathogens veronii, jandaei, Enterotoxin summer. abiotic surface adhesion. lettuce, persisting